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The red panda's skull is wide, and its lower jaw is robust. [28] [29] However, because it eats leaves and stems, which are not as tough, it has smaller chewing muscles than the giant panda. The digestive system of the red panda is only 4.2 times its body length, with a simple stomach, no noticeable divide between the ileum and colon, and no caecum. [28] Distribution and habitat Red panda in Neora Valley National Park One major aim is to permanently keep the panda population stable enough to avoid a relapse to its former IUCN Red List "endangered" status. Especially small, isolated populations run the risk of inbreeding and smaller genetic variety makes the individuals more vulnerable to various defects and genetic mutation. Allowing a larger group of individuals to roam through a larger area freely and choose from a greater variety of mates, helps to enrich genetic diversity of their offspring. [146] Cuvier, G. (1829). " Le Panda éclatant". Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation (in French). Vol.1. Paris: Chez Déterville. p.138. Bista, D. (2018). "Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, eastern Nepal" (PDF). The Himalayan Naturalist. 1 (1): 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022 . Retrieved 27 January 2022. Lowther, D. A. (2021). "The first painting of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India". Archives of Natural History. 48 (2): 368–376. doi: 10.3366/anh.2021.0728. S2CID 244938631.

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Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, colour patterns, and population genetics. [32] a b c Dong, X.; Zhang, J.; Gu, X.; Wang, Y.; Bai, W. & Huang, Q. (2021). "Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda ( Ailurus styani) in Sichuan, China". Global Ecology and Conservation. 28: e01705. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705. Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20. [100] The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into estrus, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. [101] When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Copulation time ranges from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilisation. The gestation period is somewhere between 95 and 160 days - the variability is due to the fact that the fertilized egg may linger in the reproductive system for a while before implanting on the uterine wall. [101] Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Joshi, B. D.; Ghosh, A.; Basu, S.; Khatri, H.; Sharma, L. K.; Chandra, K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda ( A. fulgens) in eastern Himalayas". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 65. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6. PMC 7794540. PMID 33420314. a b c Dorji, S.; Rajaratnam, R. & Vernes, K. (2012). "The Vulnerable Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations". Oryx. 46 (4): 536–543. doi: 10.1017/S0030605311000780. S2CID 84332758.Wei, F.; Zhang, Z.; Thapa, A.; Zhijin, L. & Hu, Y. (2021). "Conservation initiatives in China". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.509–520. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-1. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243813871. a b Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, A. & Hu, J. (1999). "Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens". Journal of Zoology. 248 (4): 535–541. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x. In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. [107] The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old. [107] [108] [109] The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding. [109] [110] Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. [107] [108] It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas. [110] In August 2014, a rare birth of panda triplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such births ever reported. [111] Hu, Y.; Wu, Q.; Ma, S.; Ma, T.; Shan, L.; Wang, X.; Nie, Y.; Ning, Z.; Yan, L.; Xiu, Y. & Wei, F. (2017). "Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (5): 1081–1086. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114.1081H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1613870114. PMC 5293045. PMID 28096377.

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Antón, M.; Salesa, M. J.; Pastor, J. F.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006). "Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 757–764. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x. PMC 2049003. PMID 17118063. Later and more advanced ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an omnivorous or herbivorous diet. The earliest known true panda is Magerictis from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple crown but also a lengthened crushing surface with developed tooth cusps like later species. [21] Later ailurines include Pristinailurus bristoli which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene [21] [22] and species of the genus Parailurus which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America. [21] [23] These animals are classified as a sister taxon to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp premolars. [21] [22] [24] The skeleton (left) and taxidermy model (right) of "Tong Tong", once bred in Ueno Zoo at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyoa b c Thapa, K.; Thapa, G. J.; Bista, D.; Jnawali, S. R.; Acharya, K. P.; Khanal, K.; Kandel, R. C.; Karki Thapa, M.; Shrestha, S.; Lama, S. T. & Sapkota, N. S. (2020). "Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda Ailurus fulgens occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0243450. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1543450T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243450. PMC 7740865. PMID 33306732. Sherpa, A. P.; Lama, S. T.; Shrestah, S.; Williams, B. & Bista, D. (2021). "Red Pandas in Nepal: community-based approach to landscape-level conservation". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.495–508. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00019-3. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243829246. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022. Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements. [74]